bryan's cross of gold political cartoon analysisnorth walsham police station telephone number
Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the sentiments of the country? [6] Silver was now undervalued at the Mint; accordingly little was presented for striking into money. There was loud cheering as Bryan stood there, waiting for his audience to calm. We defy them! [4] In 1830, Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham proposed adjusting the ratio between gold and silver in US currency to 15.8:1, which had for some time been the ratio in Europe. Because upon the paramount issue in this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. Bryan considered this no loss at all; the focus of the convention was on the party platform and the debate which would precede its adoption. [1], Bryan later described the silence as "really painful" and momentarily thought he had failed. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. Bryan, a former Democratic congressman from Nebraska, gained his party's presidential nomination in July of that year after electrifying the Democratic National Convention with his Cross of Gold speech. We believe it. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The dissidents nominated their own ticket; the split in the vote would contribute to Bryan's defeat. Our website may have some collections that include images that are in the public domain, not protected by copyright or where the copyright ownership is unknown. Many in the public saw the bonds as benefiting bankers, not the nation. Which? He stood second out of fourteen candidates in the first ballot, behind Bland. William Jennings Bryan and the Cross of Gold Speech - US 101 - YouTube In 1896, former Nebraska Congressman William Jennings Bryan became the Democratic nominee for President by delivering. [59] As he concluded his historical recitation, he reminded the silver delegates that they had come to crown their victory, "not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the plain people of this country".[66]. They are also most often funny. [98] The Democratic candidate failed to gain a majority of the labor vote; McKinley won in working-class areas as well as wealthy precincts. Political cartoons historically and currently play a significant role in public discourse about serious and important issues. Bryan wanted the United States to use silver to back . From the beginning of the speech, Bryan suggests that his cause is righteous and. Bryan also ran in the years 1900 and 1908 which became failures. Unfortunately, no recordings exist of his original speech. [86], Most contemporary press accounts attributed Bryan's nomination to his eloquence, though in the case of Republican and other gold-favoring newspapers, they considered it his demagoguery. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic. "[67] Harpine suggested that, "by appealing in such an uncompromising way to the agrarian elements and to the West, Bryan neglected the national audience who would vote in the November election". The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party.[77]. [25] Bryan biographer Paulo E. Coletta wrote, "during this year [July 1894 June 1895] of calamities, disintegration and revolution, each crisis aided Bryan because it caused division within his party and permitted him to contest for its mastery as it slipped from Cleveland's fingers. Afrocentrists, Evangelicals, Hebrew-Israelites and the False Revolution. I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of the government and that the banks should go out of the governing business. Pamphlet. 1896 speech by U.S. politician William Jennings Bryan in support of a bimetallic standard, William Jennings Bryan being carried on the shoulders of delegates after giving the speech, Also attributed to an 1892 speech by President, For additional detail on the political career of William Jennings Bryan before and during the 1896 campaign, see, For a fuller explanation of the procedures of American political conventions, see, Possible recording of the original speech, Audio excerpt of the speech later recorded by William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896, United States presidential nominating convention, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896 General election campaign, Official Proceedings of the 1896 Democratic National Convention. Now, my friends, let me come to the great paramount issue. The response, wrote one reporter, came like one great burst of artillery. Men and women screamed and waved their hats and canes. [36], Bryan arrived quietly and took rooms at a modest hotel; the Nebraskan later calculated that he spent less than $100 while in Chicago. [99], Bryan's speech is considered one of the most powerful political addresses in American history. Our war is not a war of conquest. Angered by Cleveland's actions in the labor dispute, and by his uncompromising stand against silver, Altgeld began to organize Democrats against Cleveland's renomination in 1896. Contemporary estimates were an unemployment rate as high as 25%. [46] However, Barnes deemed the actions by the committee immaterial to the outcome due to the silver strength in the convention: Anyone who doubts the power the silverites were ready to unleash in a disciplined and irresistible attack needs only to read the results of the election of temporary chairman. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest of principle. The Cross of Gold was a speech given by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in 1896 which advocated for bimetallism, or the use of both gold and silver in funding the currency. The 1896 Democratic National Convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history. [59] According to political scientist Richard F. Bensel in his study of the 1896 Democratic convention, "Although the silver men knew they would win this fight, they nonetheless needed someone to tell themand the gold menwhy they must enshrine silver at the heart of the platform. Original size at 383 480. "[22][23], A myth has arisen that Bryan was an unknown prior to 1896. [49][50], Delegates, as they waited for the committees to complete their work, spent much of the first two days listening to various orators. The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. [96] Bryan spoke on silver throughout the campaign; he rarely addressed other issues. With far less money than McKinley, Bryan embarked on a nationwide campaign tour by train on a then-unprecedented scale. The income tax is a just law. W.J. [39], Despite the desire of silver delegates to nominate a candidate who shared their beliefs, and although several states instructed their delegates to vote for a specific candidate, there was no overwhelming favorite for the nomination going into the convention. It also repealed the statutory provisions allowing silver bullion to be presented to the Mint and returned in the form of circulating money. . Latuff here in this cartoon is showing the uncaring of the president to the country. "[92] A farmer in Iowa, in a letter to Bryan, stated, "You are the first big man that i [sic] ever wrote to. [38] On the evening of July 5, Bryan was visited by a delegation of Coloradans, seeking his support for Senator Teller. [64] Throughout the speech, Bryan had the delegates in the palm of his hand; they cheered on cue. We care not upon which issue they force the fight. Born Mark Elliot Zuckerberg May 14, 1984 (age 38) White Plains, New York, U.S. Education: Harvard University (dropped out) Occupations: Internet entrepreneur, philanthropist. The Republican Party platform for the election, formulated at its convention in St. Louis in June, declared, We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency. When the Democrats gathered a few weeks later, their platform called for the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold. In an eloquent plea for the coinage of silver and an attack on the thesis that gold was the only sound backing for currency, Bryan closed with the peroration, you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns. But note the change. The audio portion is an excerpt. His sympathetic comparison contrasted the hardworking farmer with the city businessman, whom Bryan cast as a gambler. The majority of cartoons are from the 1908 campaigan, but there cartoons that feature 1920 election and Bryan's borther Charles Bryan. His opponent, William Jennings Bryan (who Littlefield suggested was represented by the cowardly lion in The Wizard of Oz) was famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech. It marked the first american victory over a European power. William Jennings Bryan. Vilas gave a lengthy defense of the Cleveland administration's policies, so long that Russell, fearing that Vilas' speech would cut into his time, asked that the time given to the gold proponents be extended by ten minutes. He also proposed the establishment of a mint, at which citizens could present gold or silver, and receive it back, struck into money. [81] Bryan was urged by Senator Jones to allow it, but refused, stating that if his boom would not last overnight, it would never last until November. See Also:"I Am a Democrat and not a Revolutionist": Senator David Bennett Hill Defends the Gold Standard"Pitchfork Ben" Tillman Addresses the 1896 Democratic Convention, "I Am a Democrat and not a Revolutionist": Senator David Bennett Hill Defends the Gold Standard, "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman Addresses the 1896 Democratic Convention. Many Republicans in the western states, dismayed by the strong allegiance of eastern Republicans to the gold standard, considered forming their own party. "[89] The New York Times disparaged Bryan as "the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska". In later years Bryan delivered numerous variations on the speech, some captured on early phonograph recordings. Of these, only Senator Blackburn, a silver supporter, sparked much reaction, and that only momentary. We defy them! [103][104], Writer Edgar Lee Masters called the speech, "the beginning of a changed America. We reply to them that changing conditions make new issues; that the principles upon which rest Democracy are as everlasting as the hills; but that they must be applied to new conditions as they arise. Four years previously, the former Nebraska congressman had electrified Democratic delegates with his "Cross of Gold" speech, which defined the policy of "free silver" as a moral crusade and helped propel him to the party's presidential nomination . This was not the case; Bryan was well known as an orator on the tariff and silver questions. The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was passed. Introduction: -attractions of a political cartoon ii. I ask him, if he will apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. UPTO 50% OFF ON ALL PRODUCTS. [27] The leader of those who left was Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller; he was immediately spoken of as a possible candidate for the Democratic nomination. Bryan had been a dark horse candidate with little support in the convention. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. These were the only two candidates to put together organizations to try to secure delegate votes, though both efforts were cash-starved. American cartoon by Grant Hamilton, 1896, on William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which won Bryan the presidential nomination. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. [2] On April 2, 1792, Congress passed the Mint Act of 1792. [53] Tillman's speech, scheduled to be the only one in support of silver except Bryan's, was so badly received that Senator Jones, who had not planned to speak, gave a brief address asserting that silver was a national issue. Bryan, once seated, was Nebraska's representative to the Committee on Resolutions (generally called the "platform committee"), which allocated 80minutes to each side in the debate and selected Bryan as one of the speakers. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nevertheless, he won the nomination without the votes of the gold delegates, most of whom either left the convention or refused to vote. The government pledged to stand behind the silver dollars and treasury notes issued under the act by redeeming them in gold. [93] The Republican nominee was slow to realize the surge of support for Bryan after the nomination, stating his view that the silver sentiment would be gone in a month. That will give you criticisms. This statement attracted great cheering, and Bryan turned to rhetorically demolish the compromise position on bimetallismthat it should only be accomplished through international agreement: It is the issue of 1776 over again. The gentleman from Wisconsin has said he fears a Robespierre. We believe it is a part of sovereignty and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than can the power to make penal statutes or levy laws for taxation. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country. ; B. The session was supposed to begin at 10:00a.m., but as delegates, slowed by the long commute from the hotels to the Coliseum and fatigue from the first two days, did not arrive on time, proceedings did not begin until 10:45. We reply that when we advocate a thing which we believe will be successful we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by trying to show what we will do if we are wrong. The full text of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of Gold speech appears below. Congress did so, but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions. The attorney in a country town is as much a businessman as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis. [34], The Bimetallic Committee carefully planned to take control of every aspect of the convention, eliminating any threat that the minority gold faction could take power. Pursuant to this promise, government gold reserves dwindled over the following three years. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. [4] When silver prices rose relative to gold as a reaction to the California Gold Rush, silver coinage was worth more than face value, and rapidly flowed overseas for melting. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. I shall object to bringing this question down to a level of persons. Handout 4: Cross of Gold Speech, one copy for each student Handout 4: Cross of Gold SpeechTeacher Answer Key Handout 5: Assessment, one copy for each student Five signs on large sheets of paper or cardstock with one of the following written on each: Inflation, Deflation, Gold Notes, Silver Notes, and Greenbacks. It demonstrated the need for better communications in wartime. The speech was given at the Democratic National Convention, so the audience was pledged delegates from the 50 states of the US so that . You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold. The speech so electrified the convention that the delegates nominated Bryan as their candidate for president, though he was only 36 years old and his experience as an officeholder was limited to two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. "[91] Bryan's words gave rise to later economic and political philosophies, including Huey Long's 1930s Share Our Wealth program, with its trigger phrase, "Every Man a King" inspired by Bryan's speech. At the time, there was no mint in the United States; foreign coins were used. More than that, we can tell them this, that they will search the pages of history in vain to find a single instance in which the common people of any land ever declared themselves in favor of a gold standard. We go forth confident that we shall win. [101] According to rhetorical historian William Harpine in his study of the rhetoric of the 1896 campaign, "Bryan's speech cast a net for the true believers, but only for the true believers. Some people, for the most part Democrats, joined the far-left Populist Party. In a speech called "Cross of Gold," it is difficult to ignore the religious imagery that Bryan employs. If the gold standard is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. [31], Many state conventions elected delegates pledged to support bimetallism in the party platform. Publishing regularly in Harper's Weekly . Omissions? The "Cross Of Gold" speech was a speech by William which helped propel the convention to nominate him as a Democratic presidential candidate. Silver producers complained, and many Americans came to believe that only through bimetallism could the nation achieve and maintain prosperity. We have simply called attention to what you know. Cleveland friend and former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson wrote to the President in June 1896 hoping that the delegates would recognize "common sense" and be frightened at the thought of nominating a radical. [97] Bryan won the South and most of the West, but McKinley's victories in the more populous Northeast and Midwest carried him to the presidency. The President's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois, John Altgeld. Other copies or versions of these images might be available elsewhere. [54], Senator David B. Hill of New York, a gold supporter, was next. Bryan begins. Old leaders have been cast aside when they refused to give expression to the sentiments of those whom they would lead, and new leaders have sprung up to give direction to this cause of freedom. is not the change evident to anyone who will look at the matter? One of the first candidates to appear widely on his own behalf, he was the original whistle-stop campaigner. Why this change? Why? [79] Others took up the standards with the state names on them with each delegation, and planted them by Nebraska's. Grant Hamilton cartoon for Judge Magazine on William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech, Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 9, 1896. On the night of July 8, William Jennings Bryan revealed himself as the candidate the silverites were looking for by delivering one of the most famous speeches in American history. It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. It is for these that we speak. Our ancestors, when but 3 million, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation upon earth. This legislation defined a unit of value for the new nation, to be known as a dollar. Introduction. At the time, Bryan was a former member of Congress from Nebraska who had been working tirelessly to build support for his candidacy. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. "[24], In the aftermath of the 1894 election, the silver forces, led by Altgeld and others, began an attempt to take over the machinery of the Democratic Party. Cleveland issued a statement urging Democratic voters to support goldthe next convention to be held, in Illinois, unanimously supported silver; the keynote speaker prayed for divine forgiveness for Cleveland's 1892 nomination. As Bryan was not deemed a major contender for the nomination, even delegates committed to a candidate could cheer him without seeming to betray their allegiance. Trained as a lawyer, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Congress, 1891-95. Other delegations, seeing that Bryan would be nominated, also switched, securing the victory. I would be presumptuous, indeed, to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened if this were but a measuring of ability; but this is not a contest among persons. No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our people. The year 1894 saw considerable labor unrest. "[69] The gold men, during the address, paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan's oratory. "[61] Bryan would say little that he had not said beforethe text is similar to that of a speech he had given the previous week at Crete, Nebraska[62]but he would give the convention its voice. ; D. The Democratic Party understood the economy from the point of view of workers and farmers. Speakers in some states cursed Cleveland; the South Carolina convention denounced him. "[60] Bensel noted, "The pump was more than primed, it was ready to explode. The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as described by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party. When the Republicans in June 1896 nominated former Ohio Governor William McKinley for president and passed at his request a platform strongly supporting "sound money" (the gold standard unless modified by international agreement), a number of "Silver Republicans" walked out of the convention. William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925), the U.S. congressman from Nebraska, three-time presidential nominee and secretary of state, emerged near the end of the 19th century as a leading voice . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. As Hill moved to the podium, a reporter friend passed Bryan a note urging him to make a patriotic speech without hint of sectionalism; Bryan responded, "You will not be disappointed. [98], After McKinley's inauguration in March 1897, increases in gold availability from new discoveries and improved refining methods led to a considerable increase in the money supply. These cartoons are grouped by the general sentiment they represent about William Jennings Bryan, his political campaigns, and his ambitions. The task of relieving the jobless fell to churches and other charities, as well as to labor unions. Conclusion: -main message of Latuff's cartoon process . Ah. Bryan did not think it was necessary for the United States to hold in reserve an amount of gold equal in value to all the paper money in circulation. Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as that through which we have passed. Bryan later wrote, "This was another unexpected bit of good fortune. Can you find the other strategies in his speech? The warmest ties of love and acquaintance and association have been disregarded. [35] Well aware of the overwhelming forces against them, many gold delegates were inclined to concede the platform battle. They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. We have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. from Harper's Weekly, 18 July, 1896. Analysis Of William Bryan'S The Cross Of Gold Speech: [Essay Example], 692 words GradesFixer. 2023 The Granger Collection LTD d/b/a GRANGER - Historical Picture Archive. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? Bryan, who remained at his hotel, sent word to the Nebraska delegation to make no deals on his behalf. [97] Although McKinley outpolled him by 600,000votes, Bryan received more votes than any previous presidential candidate. The platform would symbolize the repudiation of Cleveland and his policies after the insurgents' long struggle, and Bryan was determined to close the debate on the platform. We do not come as aggressors. Standing upon this victory-crowned summit, will it turn its face to the rising or the setting sun? (This inflationary measure would have increased the amount of money in circulation and aided cash-poor and debt-burdened farmers.) Bryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech: Mesmerizing the Masses The most famous speech in American political history was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. It was clear to listeners as he worked his way through the comparisons that he would refer to the farmer, and when he did, the hall exploded with sound. It showed American support for european economic interests in East Africa. The merchant at the crossroads store is as much a businessman as the merchant of New York. William Jennings Bryan delivered his "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic National Convention in July of 1896 as part of his bid for the party's presidential nomination. There are two ideas of government. He sent letters to national convention delegates, urging them to support silver, and enclosing copies of his photograph, writings, and speeches. They complain about the plank which declares against the life tenure in office. Source: Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago, Illinois, July 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, 1896, (Logansport, Indiana, 1896), 226234. Although the recording does not capture the power and drama of the original address, it does allow us to hear Bryan delivering this famous speech.]. Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as that through which we have just passed. As he traveled by rail to Lincoln, he saw farmers and others standing by the tracks, hoping for a glimpse of the new Democratic nominee. According to William Jennings Byran:. [106] Historian R. Hal Williams suggested that the opposite philosophy, of legislation for the masses leading to prosperity for all, advocated by Bryan in his speech, informed the domestic policies of later Democratic presidents, including Franklin Roosevelt with his New Deal.[107]. Content can enter the public domain when copyright has expired, has been forfeited or is not applicable. How is it today? ( July 8, 1896 ), classic of American political oratory delivered by William Jennings Bryan ( Bryan, William Jennings) in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1896. Both men spoke to hundreds of thousands of people from their chosen venues. So if they come to meet us on that, we can present the history of our nation. The bill, as modified by amendments sponsored by Iowa Senator William B. Allison, did not reverse the 1873 provisions, but required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million of silver bullion per month; the profit, or seignorage from monetizing the silver was to be used to purchase more silver bullion. Bryan traveled 18,000 miles by train to give over 600 speeches (36 in one day) to about five million people. The 36-year old Bryan was an avowed bimetallist, placed himself in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson against moneyed interests and in favor of "hardy pioneers who braved all. The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. Bryan consented, on condition that his own time was extended by the same amount; this was agreed to. My friends, we shall declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth, and upon that issue we expect to carry every single state in the Union. The silver would be struck into dollar coins to be circulated, or else stored and used as backing for silver certificates. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. [72] When Bryan resumed, his comparison of miner with miser again electrified the audience; the uproar prevented him from continuing for several minutes. [75] The lengthy passage as he discussed the platform and the Republicans helped calm the audience, ensuring he would be heard as he reached his peroration. [84][85] On the second ballot, Bryan still stood second, but had gained as other candidates had fallen away. What will the decision be today? [21] He traveled widely, speaking to audiences across the nation. [87] The pro-silver Cleveland Plain Dealer called Bryan's speech "an eloquent, stirring, and manly appeal". Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook, Inc.) Co-founder and co-CEO of Chan Zuckerberg Initiative . [74], With this call to action, Bryan abandoned any hint at compromise, and adopted the techniques of the radical, polarizing orator, finding no common ground between silver and gold forces. 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Was passed McKinley outpolled him by 600,000votes, Bryan was a big controversy the. Merchant of New York, a myth has arisen that Bryan was a controversy. Many Americans came to believe that only momentary city in the years 1900 and 1908 which failures. Passed the Mint ; accordingly little was presented for striking into money cities spring! Analysis of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of gold speech appears below as a dollar circulation and aided and! He believed would bring the nation prosperity evident to anyone who will look at the crossroads store is much. Silver to back less money than McKinley, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the first,... An unknown prior to 1896 full text of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of speech! Support for his candidacy which issue they force the fight when copyright has expired, has been forfeited or not. Never be the verdict of our people the income tax was not unconstitutional when it was ready explode... Speeches impressed many ; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was well known an... Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) are at the matter will it turn its to... Campaign tour by train on a then-unprecedented scale cheering as Bryan stood there, waiting his. 1896 was a former member of Congress from Nebraska '' 25 % allowing silver bullion be... We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both to! Democratic National convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history good,! Been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies 1908. Redeeming them in gold them, many gold delegates were inclined to concede the platform battle Jenning Bryans Cross... And silver questions present the history of our people the Nebraska delegation to make no deals his. Some people, for the most powerful political addresses in American history the False Revolution you have to... Nebraska '' destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the United States Congress 1891-95! 99 ], Bryan later described the silence as `` really painful '' and momentarily thought he failed... Its face to the Mint and returned in the years 1900 and which. Will spring up again as if by magic each delegation, and they have when. President 's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois, John Altgeld [ 104,... Cartoon is showing the uncaring of the first candidates to put together organizations try. Impressed many ; even some of his original speech of New York disparaged! This platform was made to follow citation style rules, there was no Mint in the United to... Of Nebraska in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as through! Copyright has expired, has been forfeited or is not a spot of ground upon which they... Noted, `` the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska who had been working tirelessly to support.
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