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'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. Above the lineage is the much larger kin group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge. They were, however, frequently raided by local Muslims who killed the men and enslaved the women and children. Man in Peru Caught Out Drinking With an 800-year-old Mummy! Kin Groups and Descent. Dogon religion and Dogon philosophy both expressed a haunting sense of the original loss of twin-ness. The Awa is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Each district had its own recognized war leaders. Unfortunately, the majority of these animistic spiritual practices tend to disappear with the younger generations and the widespread adoption of Islam. Wood and metal and more. His saliva is the source of the life-giving humidity, and his foot must not touch the earth directly or the ground will dry up. This problem has been solved! African art and culture had been a driving inspiration to European modern artists like Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, and Amedeo Modigliani, among others. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to the cliffs of Bandiagara for better defense and to escape persecutionoften building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.[15][17]. Dieterlen, G., 1955. Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. Although inheritance today is strictly patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance (by sister's son). Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC, 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding. & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. In 1912 a school was established for them in Sanga, followed by a Christian mission in the 1930s, and later a medical dispensary. and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the Hogon (Laude, 20). The district headman is also head of his lineage and occupies the "great house" (ginna) of that kin group. Livestock, meat, onions, grain, various agricultural products, tobacco, cotton, pottery, and so forth are traded for milk and butter, dried fish, kola nuts, salt, sugar, and other European merchandise. He was eaten by another nommo, and their spirits merged; the nommo vomited out a new Lebe (part human and part spiritual), plus copious liquid which shaped the landscape.[7]. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The wet season begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry seasons the remainder of the year. Wood, covered with sacrifical materials, Seated Couple, Dogon, Mali. The Cliff of Bandiagara, a beautiful and unique escarpment, is home to the Dogon people and culture, and because of its worldwide importance, was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1989. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. The Iraqi city of Erbil is truly magnificent - and in many ways. Orientation Animals are kept more as a symbol of wealth and prestige than for economic necessity. Ceremonies. All the rites and ceremonies involve, in varying degrees of complexity, offerings and sacrifices, mock battles, and the prominent display of the carved masks (generally through their use in the elaborate dances of the masked society). The newly circumcised youths, now considered young men, walk around naked for a month after the procedure so that their achievement in age can be admired by the tribe. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. [2] They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the NigerCongo language family, meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages. Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. A new 'sigi' is started every 60 years. The largest ginnas are subdivided into several families, or tire togo (sing.). This marks the end of their youth, and they are initiated. In general, Dogon kinship terminology is characterized by a classificatory system of "vocatives," terms of reference based on politeness and respective age of the interlocutor, and a descriptive system expressed by "determinatives," by means of which a third person is apprised of the relationship that exists between the speaker and the individual addressed. A virgin who has not yet had her period takes care of him, cleans his house, and prepares his meals. The series of dances, which constitute a good part of the Sigi, lasts for seven years; one village after another takes its turn to entertain its neighbors with feasting, drinking, and displays of wealth. African religions: Ritual and religious specialists. Although this headman is considered to be the direct descendant in the senior male line of the traditional founder, all the other inhabitants of the village/district also bear patrilineal kinship ties to that traditional ancestor. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.[30]. These caste groups live apart from the general population. [20] The religion embraced many aspects of nature which are found in other traditional African religions. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. Masked Dancers of West Africa: The Dogon. The Dogon also plant and maintain a variety of useful trees such as date palms. ETHNONYMS: Chelofes, Galofes, Guiolof, Gyloffes, Ialofes, Iolof, Jalof, Jolof, Olof, Ouoloff, Valaf, Volof, Wollufs, Yaloffs, Yolof Another minority practices Christianity. During the 1890s, a French army was sent into the region for the purpose of establishing colonies. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all. Dogon door with stylized figures (Wegmann, M/ CC BY 3.0 ). WebThe Hogon must live alone in his house. In traditional Dogon society, land was transmitted within the family group (ginna, or lineage), and was considered inalienable property. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). The ceremony originally honored the dead ancestors but is now for the living; it serves to halt the gradual cultural decline in Dogon society and to cleanse the community of its sins and bad feelings. Dogon lineage is patrilineal, meaning The souls of the just reach paradise, Ardyenne, or the house of god (Amma ginu ), where they live an existence analogous to that which they lived on earth. Fruit trees are valued possessions, and although they may be sold, the previous owner reserves the ownership of the field in which they are planted for his own use. Other crops include sesame, maize, peanuts, yams, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, okra, watermelons, papayas, some figs, gourds, and cotton. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! The "Sigi so" was used to tell the story of creation of the universe, of human life, and the advent of death on the Earth, during both funeral ceremonies and the rites of the "end of mourning" ("dama"). Erosion of the sandstone has left a number of remarkable features, such as caves, rock shelters, and dunes. Markets are held every four or five days in areas well removed from the villages. She returns to her home at night. The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. ETHNONYM: Panjabi The Mali landscape around Dogon (Spooner, J / CC BY 2.0 ). It is generally accepted that the Dogon language belongs to the NigerCongo language family, though the evidence is weak. Craft specialization is determined by gender and caste. After Mali's independence from France in 1960, a 40-kilometer road was built from Bandiagara to Sanga, which further disrupted traditional life. These are two story building with separate areas for men and women. The cliffs and rocky terrain provided excellent protection from slave One of its most distinctive features is the hierarchical series of occupational "castes" or status groups consisting of iron- and leatherworkers, griots (lineage genealogists), musicians, poets, and sorcerers. One relates to their coming from Mande, located to the southwest of the Bandiagara escarpment near Bamako. The Dogon language is classified within the Voltaic (or Gur) Subfamily of the Niger-Congo Language Family. The great annual Feast of Sowing (bulu ) begins in April or May, prior to the beginning of the rainy season, in all the villages of the region. Ritual dance of Dogon County (Gleeson, G / CC BY 2.0 ). Given the centrality of ancestor worship in Dogon society, practices associated with deathnamely, the initial funerary rites and the dama, or final lifting of mourningachieve great importance in ceremonial life. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon, Beierle, John "Dogon "[55] Additionally, James Clifford notes that Griaule sought informants best qualified to speak of traditional lore, and deeply mistrusted converts to Christianity, Islam, or people with too much contact with whites. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Often the buildings are so close to one another that the floors of some houses begin where the roofs of adjacent ones end. Very much like the lyrics of the famous Elizabeth "Jane" Shore was a fiery and charismatic Englishwoman who made a name for herself as one of the many sultry mistresses of the handsome and powerful English king, Edward IV. Industrial Arts. The smallest country of mainland Africa, this small nation can seem quite unremarkable at first glance, being confined only to the length of the Gambia River and Shambhala, which is a Sanskrit word meaning place of peace or place of silence, is a mythical paradise spoken of in ancient texts, including the Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient scriptures of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. Although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years. Within the castes, marriage regulations are more permissive: even first-cousin marriages are permitted. Afterwards, the boys stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. Masked dances and masquerades at funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well known. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. While digging at a site called Pakaytambo in the southern Peru highlands, anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of IllinoisChicago (UIC) unearthed an ancient Wari ritual complex that was approximately 1,200 years old. The designation "Naga" is applied to the numerous Indo-Mongoloid tribes living in the hill country at the, Chin (2003), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996), Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. The Hogon has to live alone in his house. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. Explanation. The yingim consists of both the sacrifice of cows, or other valuable animals, and mock combat. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. [4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. Domestic Unit. Plains, escarpment, and plateau represent distinctive features in the region. 1000-1500 AD, Dogon Sculpture, Mali. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. The hogon is always a man. The degree of complexity of the ceremonies depends upon the age and status of the deceased male. The blind Dogon elder Ogotemmeli taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to French anthropologist Marcel Griaule in October 1946. Each isolated village or district (canton) in the region has a headman or chief (hogon) who has both religious and judicial responsibilities. The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then, and its onions are sold as far as the market of Bamako and those of the Ivory Coast. The authority of the household unit is vested in the father, who controls both the economic and ceremonial functions of the family and demands unquestioning obedience from his offspring. Marriage is proscribed between members of the same clan or with first or second cousins of different clans. The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic pharmacopoeia". [24] (Originally, for the Dogon, man was endowed with a dual soul. The escarpment is rich in archaeological discoveries both from the Dogon and the earlier Tellem society. Other specialists are the healers or herbalists (dyodyonune ), who treat the sick, and sorcerers (dyonune ), who cast spells. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again. [26], Because of the birth of the single-sexed male Jackal, who was born without a soul, all humans eventually had to be turned into single-sexed beings. Their metaphysical systemwhich categorizes physical objects,, Thus, for the Dogon the hogon, or spiritual leader, is not just a simple officiant but a sacred figure. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. From 1931 to 1956, Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931, 1935, 1937 and 1938[39] and then annually from 1946 until 1956. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24. The circumcision is celebrated and the initiated boys go around and receive presents. Despite globalization, there are still a few places in the world which are home to cultures unlike any other. About 10 percent of the Dogon are Christians. ." During the yincomoli ceremony, a gourd is smashed over the deceased's wooden bowl, hoe, and bundukamba (burial blanket). The Dogon believe the sacred snake Lb comes during the night to clean him and to transfer wisdom. The appealing factor lies in many raw, visual, fetishized pursuits and compelling cultural narratives. First marriages are generally arranged by parents; within certain limitations, those marrying for the second or third time are more free to choose their partners. Griaule, Marcel (1938). They farm, as well as hunt occasionally, and many Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion. A. The clitoris is considered male, while the foreskin is considered female. ); Brooklyn Museum, Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th18th century; wood; height: 59cm (23 in. As sacred leader of the Lebe cult he oversees the important planting and Ogotemmeli taught Griaule the religious stories in the same way that Ogotemmeli had learned them from his father and grandfather; oral instruction which he had learned over the course of more than twenty years. Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. The Dogon numbered 500,000 on the eve of Malis independence on Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? (2008). Villages usually contain a single localized lineage whose dwellings are grouped around the "great house" (ginna ) of the head. Orientation, Kota 16-19th century. 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Their images or figures appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary. Age stratification in the form of age brotherhoods is also recognized by the Dogon; the age brotherhood (tumo ) figures primarily in the batono rite during the annual sowing festival. The human story begins in Africa. The fundamental unit of Dogon social organization is the patrilineage, or ginna. Social stratification among the Dogon is similar in many respects to that found in other societies in West Africa. . In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. Within the village, individual houses are set around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by stone walls. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sculpture Tellem, Mali. From the mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon culture, hogon is seen as the spiritual leader of the Dogon social culture. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. After being chosen, a hogon must pass through several months without washing or shaving. Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. [40] In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman Ogotemmeli, the source of much of Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen's future publications. Griaule describes it in this passage: Most of the conversations with Ogotemmli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives. Also effective as means of inducing conformity are ridicule and threats of supernatural sanction. The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants. Palau Marti, Montserrat (1957). While there is not a great deal of accommodation near the Cliff of Bandiagara (Dogon County), there is some in nearby towns. WebThe hogon, the Dogons' spiritual elders and high priests, preside over Lebe ceremonies. ETHNONYMS: Cohatur, Kohatur, Kotar, Koter, Kothur It is thus mysterious that there are so few references to the planets in ancient literature. WebThe Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. Social Organization. Masques dogons. Some of the most beautiful sights to see in China are the classical Suzhou gardens. This is manifested through the cult of the masks, the Lebe cult, the Binu cult, and the more general cult of the ancestors associated with the ginna. The Dogon attribute illness to a variety of causes, such as the weakening of the vital life force (nyama), the creation of a state of impurity in the individual through the influences of evil spirits, violation of a taboo or prohibition, and sorcery. The spread of Islam throughout Africa has brought about some degree of change in the basic religious orientation of the Dogon. Corrections? The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso. [28] Today, a significant minority of the Dogon practice Islam. The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Kanaga mask in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9cm (42.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}12 x 2314 x 9 in); Brooklyn Museum (New York City), Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope, Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8cm (22 x 7 x 414 in. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a monument in Turkestan, a city in southern Kazakhstan. The dominant form of vegetation on both plain and plateau is the sparse but regular forest of tall trees, which at close range gives the appearance of an immense orchard. Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage, before the birth of their first child. Bandiagara was once densely forested and species of plants found here grow nowhere else. The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. In the past the Dogon were considered a warlike people; they often fought with other Dogon districts as well as with their non-Dogon neighbors such as the Fulani. [6], According to legend, the first hogon, Lebe, was descended from a nommo. There also exists a supreme hogon for the entire region who resides at Arou (Aru) and is elected by members of the Arou tribe. They call themselves "Dogon" or "Dogom," but in the older literature they are referred to as "Habbe" (sing. Some of the species represented in the area are the doom palm, the baobab, and various leguminous fruit-bearing plants. Caste boys do not get circumcised.[31]. ." Once a boy is circumcised, he transitions into young adulthood and moves out of his father's house. The funerary ceremonies of the Dogon consist of two parts: the initial rites, which take place immediately following death and continue for about a week, and the more elaborate dama rites that terminate the mourning period after an indeterminate period of time. European contact was first made in 1857. Elaborate ceremonial stools of this kind were owned by the hogon, the supreme religious and political leader in each The private property of a woman goes first to her daughter, then to the youngest sister. Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language. He is elected from among the oldest men of the dominant lineage of the village. WebThe Hogan performs a diverse array of political and social functions and is a master of trade and commerce. 23 Feb. 2023
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