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New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. (1993). [8], Some authors have argued that the Calusa cultivated maize and Zamia integrifolia (coontie) for food. Diseases would ravage their population and force . 2014-05-02 14:51:47. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. All his subjects had to obey his commands. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. In. For more than 200 years, South Florida's Indians resisted Spanish domination. The Calusa Indians were originally called the "Calos" which means "Fierce People". Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. google_ad_width = 728; However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. The Tequesta (tuh-KES-tuh) were a small, peaceful, Native American tribe. Marquardt notes that the Calusa turned down the offer of agricultural tools from the Spanish, saying that they had no need for them. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. Hostilities erupted, and the Spanish soldiers killed Carlos, his successor Felipe, and several of the "nobles" before they abandoned their fort and mission in 1569. [28] Cuban fishing camps (ranchos) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. -written by Glenn Emery. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. The Calusa made bone and shell gauges that they used in net weaving. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. They believed that people had three souls-in a person's eye, shadow, and their reflection in the water. During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. Seeking Native American Spirituality: Read This First! Honestly, we have explored a very small sample of Mound Key and other nearby island sites., ln the next couple of years, Thompson added, Id like to return to Mound Key to look more closely at the fort and its structures to really delve into Calusa-Spanish interactions.. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. Because the Timucua didn't use money, though, a shaman would be given such items as baskets or turkeys. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. What formation processes resulted in the complex of mounds and other features there? The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. Tabby was an Old World concrete consisting of lime from burned shells mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. Prior surface surveys had revealed Spanish ceramics, beads and other artifacts, but the location of the fort hadnt been determined. [2], Juan Rogel, a Jesuit missionary to the Calusa in the late 1560s, noted the chief's name as Carlos, but wrote that the name of the kingdom was Escampaba, with an alternate spelling of Escampaha. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. Marquardt, William H. (2004). Montauk 1). An anonymous account mentions an autumn ceremony in which dancers wore animal masks (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. He struck an uneasy peace with their leader Caluus, or Carlos. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. We could not anticipate the extraordinary preservation of organic materials down below the water table, Marquardt noted. The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". Though questions about the Calusa and the use of some of these artifacts remain unanswered, early eyewitness accounts and ethnohistorical research, together with new archaeological developments in Florida, enhance our understanding of the cultural context within which these objects were made and used. A reconstruction of a Calusa home and terraces, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. Engineering the courts required an intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson. The Calusa tribe once numbered around 50,000 people, and Tampa was one of their largest towns. After each meal, these shells were put to good use as building material and tools. Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa.[29]. Wiki User. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. Unlike most Florida Indian tribes . Since it seems to be working, many people still believe in the legend. Those excavations revealed rarely preserved objects of wood, such as masks, figureheads, bowls, and tools, which survived because of the wet environment. They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. Did the Calusa farm? (Public Domain ). Tribute was offered in the form of prestige goods, such as feathers, mats, deerskins, food, and metals and captives recovered from Spanish shipwrecks (Hudson 1976). The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. The temple mounds, built by what must have been a well-organized work force, measured up to 30 feet high and were often topped with buildings of wood and thatch entered only by the elite. 10 Innovative Medieval Weapons: You Would Not Want To Be At The Sharp End Of These! Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. . Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Photo by Alina Zienowicz . Most spectacular are 9 carved and painted animal heads, some of which were probably worn as masks or headdresses on ceremonial occasions; others probably functioned as architectural elements. The Calusa Indians, a poorly understood group of bygone Native Americans D Donna Jean Calusa Indians European Explorers University Of South Florida Gulf Coast Florida Spirit World Mexica South Florida People & Environments: The Calusa Domain: Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. Fort San Anton de Carlos is the first example of the use of tabby in North America. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Directly beneath the chief was the nobility. Apart from that, shells are said to have been used by the Calusa to make all sorts of things, including tools, jewelry, utensils, and even spearheads for fishing and hunting. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). How was the Calusa Indian nation organized? Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The Jesuit Menendez noted that in the early hours of the morning, Carlos would sit on a stool with his people around him to discuss the ideas presented by the missionaries. Return to American Indians for Children The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. Despite having no real agriculture, they developed a dense, sedentary, complex society, with all the good & bad that entails. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark. "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de Len's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. The Calusa people based most of their diet on seafood. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. It has also been stated that the Spanish were brought into a large temple, where they saw carved and painted wooden masks covering its walls. Perhaps a dancer wore the mask and carried the figurehead of the particular animal he was emulating (Cushing 1896). It's one of Florida's most popular destinations for its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe. The Calusa battle Spain over conversion. Shells and clay were used by the Calusa to create the foundation of their cities. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). Furthermore, new diseases such as smallpox and measles were introduced into the area by European explorers. One of Cushings crew members, Wells M. Sawyer, was an artist and photographer; he painted lifelikewatercolors and took field photos of many of the specimens as they came from the mud. When the Spanish explored the coast of Florida, they soon became the targets of the Calusa, and this tribe is said to have been the first one that the explorers wrote home about. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. They recovered various types of Spanish artifacts such as majolica ceramics, hand-wrought nails and spikes, a bale seal and olive jar sherds, as well as native artifacts. The two forms together may have indicated his transformation (Figs. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. Calusa Tribe. The Calusa have long fascinated archaeologists because they were a fisher-gatherer-hunter society that attained unusual social complexity, said William Marquardt, curator emeritus of South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography at the Florida Museum of Natural History. See answer (1) Best Answer. In 1763, Spain ceded Florida to England and surviving Calusas were taken to Cuba. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. The immensity of the kings house, as well as the huge shell mounds and the canals required large amounts of labor and mechanisms to mobilize and to organize that labor that he thinks are indicative of a lower class that worked at the behest of the Calusas elites. Photograph by Amanda Roberts Thompson, courtesy Florida Museum of Natural History The Calusa also famously resisted colonization and conversion. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. Many Calusa are said to have been captured and sold as slaves. It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. At first, there must have been an uneasy tolerance of one another, as the Spanish built their fort, Marquardt explained. The chief had many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages. ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. Philadelphia, PA 19104 The Calusa kingdom was eventually devastated by European diseases as well as slave raids by enemy tribes. Spanish admiral Pedro Menndez de Avils (1519-1574) by Francisco de Paula Mart (1762-1827) ( Public Domain ). Miccosukee. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Len landed on the east coast of Florida and . Although each tribe and region was different, the division of labor between men and women was generally similar across most of the Native American tribes. Slaves occupy the lowest level in Calusa society. 4-8). . This class was supported by commoners, who provided them with food and other material goods. The fort is the only Spanish structure built atop a shell mound in Florida. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. Said by a Spaniard, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who was a captive among them for many years, to mean "fierce people," but it is perhaps more probable that, since it often appears in the form Carlos, it was, as others assert, adopted by the Calusa chief from the name of the Emperor Charles V, about whose greatness he had learned from Spanish prisoners. Are there any Calusa people left? The men wore deerskin breechcloths. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. Calusa v. Iroquois: Religious Beliefs. The research team uncovered a network of post holes and foundation trenches that indicate a large structure measuring about 80 feet long and 65 feet wide covered the summit of the islands highest hill. While the Calusa managed to survive that encounter, the 250 years that followed brought intermittent contact with other conquistadors, Christians missionaries, and in later years, English and French explorer-traders who vied for the territory, often with the help of native allies. The Calusa knew of the Spanish before this landing, however, as they had taken in Native American refugees from the Spanish subjugation of Cuba. The 2017 excavations were really exciting for a number of reasons, Thompson said. ARTIFACTS & OBJECTS Racoon tail Fish bladder ear decorations Body tattoos Wood spear with bone tip Shell bead necklace Shell pendant Shell bead bracelet Bald Eagle They formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. The Calusa people were an important tribe of Florida. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. Little was recorded of jewelry or other ornamentation among the Calusa. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Archaeologists have long pondered how the Calusa could have grown to a population of some 20,000 and dominated such a vast region without relying on agriculture. The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. In 1711, the Spanish helped evacuate 270 Indians, including many Calusa, from the Florida Keys to Cuba (where almost 200 soon died). The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. [13][11] Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, "ornamental standards", and a finely carved deer head. 10 They believed that humans had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. [8], The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. The women were responsible for work around the house, like cooking and raising the children. Penn Museum 2023 Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help / Contact / Copyright / Disclaimer / Privacy /, Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help. By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. Could we find unequivocal architectural evidence that Mound Key was the Calusa capital town, as had long been suggested? Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. There are probably people of Calusa descent still alive today. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. While estimates vary, their population probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000. "Calusa". Like the Calusa, the Tequesta were devastated by European diseases. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. Lucy Fowler Williams is Keeper of Collections for the American Section. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. Soon after the discoveries, Donald funded archaeological mapping of . Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) This article first appeared in the magazines fall 2020 issue. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". While thousands of Calusa people were enslaved, about 270 people, including Calusa nobles, escaped to the Keys where, after the last raid by the Creeks on May 17, 1760, the surviving 60-70. Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. In 1987, the Tribe approved a constitution and began to lay the groundwork for a self-sufficiency plan. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language.[22][21]. Add an answer. The Penn Museum respectfully acknowledges that it is situated on Lenapehoking, the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Unami Lenape. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. Cord was also made from cabbage palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. 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