what is magma solid rock with a fine texturederrick waggoner the wire
What are the other two, smaller percentage components of most magmas? The path of rising magma is called a diapir. solid and pinstriped This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). 1. aphanitic Magma is extremely hotbetween 700 and 1,300 Celsius (1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit). K.C. Note that these 8 elements make up about 99 percent of the Earth's crust. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. C. high silica, low iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture As it cools further, much of the remaining silica goes into calcium-rich plagioclase, and any silica left may be used to convert some of the olivine to pyroxene. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration 3. Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. C) aphanitic D. muscovite B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. E) None of these. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber c. Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). A. a decrease in the confining pressure (decompression) Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. D. obsidian Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. C. a non-crystalline rock, likely formed due to extreme rapid cooling of lava Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. Salt Lake Community College via OpenGeology. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. As long as more magma pools into a volcanos magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. C) basaltic, rhyolitic Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. Match the igneous rock texture and its appropriate description. Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. if((replacementValue > 0) && (replacementValue < limit)). F. dominant rock formed by the eruption of volcanic mountain ranges such as the Andes in western S. America -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). Figure 3.3.2 shows a zoned plagioclase under a microscope. D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. B. komatiite 3. rhyolite For a volcano to erupt, it must have a source of magma. A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. Magma compositions vary, but will have eight main elements in different proportions. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). C. granite Explanation: Advertisement Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid. What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. A. Bowen's reaction process molten rock below Earths surface Of the common silicate minerals, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. 20/3 As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. A. both quartz and muscovite For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. C) solid + melt Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). . Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). A) diorite; intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma Electronic resumes should be saved in HTML format is FALSE statements about electronic resumes. C) Pegmatite One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. F, In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earths surface before it can be released as lava. A. Si and O are the most abundant elements in the magma. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. E) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - less gases = slower magma cooling. The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. B. D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. Sills are another type of intrusive structure. Which of the following is the likely cause of a vesicular texture (open cavities in a rock)? Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. E) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky) E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? Which mineral would you expect to see as a, Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? 4. andesite The crystals that settle might either form an olivine-rich layer near the bottom of the magma chamber, or they might remelt because the lower part is likely to be hotter than the upper part (remember, from Chapter 1, that temperatures increase steadily with depth in Earth because of the geothermal gradient). Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. C) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica lava Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. a. 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms, 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion, 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes, 9.1 Understanding Earth Through Seismology, 10.1 Alfred Wegener: The Father of Plate Tectonics, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes, 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties, 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability, 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting, 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian, 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, Appendix 1: List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table. A) solid + gas [Hint] These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and destructive eruptions. Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. 6 2/3 G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). B. olivine and pyroxene Each of these rocks are formed by physical changessuch as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming that are part of the rock cycle. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). C. Crystal settling may produce different melting conditions for a rock in different plate tectonic scenarios. This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. Melted rock originates within Earth as magma . 1. diorite and gabbro B) highly fluid, cools slowly A. peridotite B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. A) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes. [Hint] Types of MagmaAll magma contains gases and a mixture of simple elements. The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earth's surface. Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. Mafic magmas have 45% to 55% SiO2, about 25% total of FeO and MgO plus CaO, and about 5% Na2O + K2O. D. consist of very coarse grained crystals of potassium feldspar, muscovite and quartz To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. If crystal settling does not take place, because the magma is too viscous, then the process of cooling will continue as predicted by the Bowen reaction series. Thus, you can often figure out the relative order in which the minerals crystallized from the magma. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. Finally, if the magma is quite silica-rich to begin with, there will still be some left at around 750 to 800C, and from this last magma, potassium feldspar, quartz, and maybe muscovite mica will form. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. St. Helens. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface. It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. Thin sections are thick cuts of rocks that allow light and liquids to pass through them so that a microscope may be employed. B. magma mixing Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth's surface. When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. A. rhyolite Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. D. quartz __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. A) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg. why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. b. 2. rhyolite E. granite, According to Bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, which mineral(s) is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt? Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "5.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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